Heute vor 76 Jahren, am 4. Mai 1939, ist ein Buch erschienen, das sich jeder Einordnung widersetzt. Es ist ein Alltagsroman, eine Gedicht, ein hehres Epos, ein Mythos, ein Rätsel. Finnegans Wake gilt einigen als wichtigster Meilenstein der Weltliteratur im 20. Jahrhundert, andere halten es für schlicht unlesbaren Unsinn. Dieser kleine Beitrag kann (und will auch gar nicht) erklären, was Finnegans Wake ist oder wie er gelesen werden möchte. Er möchte nur bescheiden hinweisen auf ein ungewöhnliches Buch. James Joyce hat 17 Jahre an dem Buch gearbeitet, unermüdlich, geplagt von schweren Krankheiten und beginnender Erblindung. Kompletter Unsinn kann es also nicht sein. Vielleicht hilft eine ganz einfache Überlegung: ist der Ulysses die akribische Abbildung eines gewöhnlichen Tages in Dublin, so ist Finnegans Wake die dazugehörige Nacht. Die Sprache, die Handlung und die Figuren werden ins Reich der Träume katapultiert.
James Joyce liest vor
Finnegans Wake ist eigentlich Musik, ist ein Lied mit wechselnden Rhythmen, sanften und schroffen Melodien, mit harmonischen und disharmonischen Klängen. Auf Klang und Rhythmus hat Joyce großen Wert gelegt. Niemand demonstriert das besser als der Autor selbst. Ihr könnt es hören im folgenden Video, für das Electronicle Monocle die Joyce-Büste auf dem Stephen’s Green in Dublin animiert und zum besseren Verständnis Untertitel hinzugefügt hat.
Die Aufnahme entstand im August 1929. Zu hören sind drei Seiten vom Ende des Kapitels Anna Livia Plurabelle. Darin werde, erläuterte Joyce seiner Verlegerin Harriet Shaw Weaver, ein geschwätziger Dialog wiedergegeben, den zwei Waschfrauen von einem Ufer zum anderen über den Fluss Liffey hinweg führen, und die am Ende, als die Nacht hereinbricht, zu einem Baum und einem Stein werden. Dieser Teil des Buches (Kapitel I-8) erschien ein Jahr später auch als separates Büchlein, andere Teile des Work in Progress, den endgültigen Titel Finnegans Wake enthüllte Joyce erst kurz vor der Veröffentlichung des Gesamtwerkes, wurden in verschiedenen Zeitschriften vorabgedruckt.
Die Sprache des Wake ist wie Musik. Bei einer Symphonie erzeugen viele unterschiedliche Instrumente mit jeweils eigener Färbung einen Gesamtklang, in Finnegans Wake ist das genauso. Nur sind es hier Worte und Sprachen, die sich wie in einer Partitur überlagern und durchdringen. Bei einer Analyse einer musikalischen Partitur wird das Skelett des Werkes betrachtet, die einzelnen Noten und Akkorde, der Gesamtklang wird zerlegt und aufgefächert. Das funktioniert auch bei Finnegans Wake. Joyce selbst hat zu dem Abschnitt, den er vorgelesen hat, einige Anmerkungen verfasst, die sehr schön demonstrieren, wie die Sprache des Wake funktioniert.
Eine Lesehilfevon James Joyce
Die Anmerkungen von Joyce stelle ich hier vollständig ein. Das ist zwarviel Text, den gerne überspringen darf, wer sich nicht allzu sehr ins Details vertiefen möchte, aber er verdeutlicht sehr schön wie Joyce Finnegans Wake komponiert hat. Die erläuternden Notizen hat Joyce ursprünglich fürCharles Kay Ogden geschrieben, der auch die Sprachaufnahme angeregt hatte. Ogden veröffentlichte die Notizenspäter anonym in der ZeitschriftPsyche, April 1932, JahrgangXII, Nr.. 4, S..86-95.
Well you know or don’t you kennet
Knowledge.
Kennet= name of a river
Kennen= Have knowledge
As the story is chiefly about the River Liffey (on which Dublin is placed) the word-play makes use as far as possible of the names of rivers. The Liffey is looked on throughout as the mother, and Dublin as the fatherevery telling has its taling
Ending
Tale=Story
Tailing=EndingMy branches lofty are taking root
My branches high are taking root.
The story is in the form of a discussion between two washing-women doing their washing by the side of the Liffey. At the end of the story, one woman is turned into a tree and the other into a stone. At this point, the woman who is to be turned into a tree sees herself pictured upside down in the water, in the form she will later take.And my cold cher’s gone ashley.
Suggestion in Cher of River Char, and of a chair (seat). This statement comes from the woman who is later to become a stone.Fieluhr? Filou!
Viel Uhr? Filou!
In France at the end of the war,a German on one sde of a river between the lines put the question ‚Wie Viel Uhr?‘ to a Frenchman and was given the answer ‚Filou toi-meme!‘ The story comes to mind because the same question is put by one of the women.
(‘wie viel Uhr?’ =’what’s the time?’. ‘Filou’=‘scoundrel’)It saon is late
Its getting late.
Saon= name of a river
Soon= In a short timesenne eye or erewone
Anyone.
Erewon= Name of a river
Erewhon (Nowhere)= Book by Samuel Butler.Waterhouse’s clogh
Waterhouse’s Clock.
This clock is to Dublin what Big Ben is to London. Waterhouse was a noted clock-maker, and his name has come to be used for any important person in the town. The first builder of a Dublin was a Viking, a Deucalion. Deucalion is Greek for water-house.I heard thum sigh
So they said.
Hurd= Name of a river.
Heard = was hearing.
Sigh = A little sad noise.O, my back, my back, my bach!
My back.
The form ‚bach‘ gives the suggestion of an ache (pain) as she makes her back straight again.
Bach= German for ’small river‘I’d want to go to Aches-les-Pains.
Aix-les-Pains.
Aches=Pains
Aix-les-Bains is a place where persons who are ill go to take the baths.Pingpong!
Sound of the Angelus.the belle for Sexaloitez
Sachselaute.
Name of great Swiss Day. Play on Latin answer to Angelus.Concepta do Send-us-pray!
Concepta de Spiritu.
Part of Ave Maria.Pang!
The Angelus bell again. Suggestion here of the pains of giving birth.Wring out the clothes! Wring in the dew!
Take the water out of your cloths.
Wring= Take the water out.
Ring= Sound(ing) of a bell.
Dew= The water drops on the grass in the early morning.See AlsoFinnegans Wake | Summary, Language, & ImpactJames Joyce - Modernist Novels, Dublin, Finnegans WakeIt’s churning chill.
It’s turning cold.
Churning= A violent motion of the river, causing a white surface, as when butter is made.
The name of a river.
Suggestion of the cold river in addition to the cold air.Der went is rising
The wind gets high.
Derwent= Name of a river.And I’ll tie my butcher’s apron here. It’s suety yet. The strollers will pass it by.
The road boys will all go past.
Strollers are men who go out with nothing better to do than to see what goods they may take. The meatman’s garment is put among the linen and is so badly washed that no one will take it.Six shifts, ten kerchiefs, nine to hold to the fire and this for the code, the convent napkins, twelve, one baby’s shawl.
This for the cold.
Code=secret system of writing. In the war, notes in secret writing were sent on face clothsGood mother Jossiph knows, she said.
Jossiph= Joseph mixed with gossip.Whose head? Mutter snores?
Whose head? Other ways?
As the story goes on the river gets wider and the two women become parted. Their words are no longer clear to one another.Deataceas!
Deo Gratias.
Said to a person who sneezes. The form Deataceas has in it the suggestion of a sneeze.
Taceas= Latin for ‚be quiet‘.Wharnow are alle her childer.
Wharnow=Name of a river.
Childer is the early, simple form of children, still used in Ireland when all are of the same family. The mother is Anna LIvia, and the question is about those who have gone from Dublin to other places.And all the Dunders de Dunnes in Markland’s Vineland beyond Brendan’s herring pool takes number nine in yangsee’s hats.
dunce=foolish person. Name given to those of the Duns Scotus School of Thought.
Markland’s wineland is a Northman’s name for America, & Brendan’s Sea for the Atlantic.
This is to give the idea that the American Irishman has a very high opinion of himself (causing his head to get greater in size).
Yansee= Yangtse, name of a river.But all that’s left to the last of the Meaghers in the loup of the years prefixed and between is one kneebuckle and two hooks in the front.
All that is now for the last of the Meaghers.
To Wally Meagher, Anna Livia gave a ‘pair of Blarney braggs’ (a sort of trousers). When these come down to the last of the Meaghers there is nothing but the knee ornament and two hooks in the front.the loup of the years
The round of the years.
Loup is from German laufen (=walk). Suggestion of the view that the events of history come round in a circle.It’s that irrawaddyng I’ve stoke in my aars.
It’s that soft material I’ve put in my ears.
Irrawaddy= name of a river.
Wadding= soft material, such as cotton wool.
Stuck=placed
Stoked= Put in violently, as coal is put into the fire of an engine.
By changing ‘ears’ to the wider sound ‘aase’ the idea is given of something full and stretched.The great Finnleader himself
Great Finn the ruler.
Finn is the chief person in the Irish stories, the parallel of Arthur in the English stories.in his joakimono
His coat of war.
Joachim was a Father of the religion of Christ. At the thought of the great chief, Finn, the name of Joachim comes to mind.
Kimono=Brightly coloured Japanese garment.Father of Otters
Father of Waters.
This is the name given to the Mississippi.
Otter= a small water animal.the ghostwhite horse of the Peppers
Deathwhite, the horse of the Peppers.
Suggestion of the shade of Mr Pepper and an old play named The White Horse of the Peppers.Ireland sober is Ireland stiff.
Ireland dry is Ireland stiff.
Taken from Father Matthew’s cry for a dry Ireland – ‚Ireland sober is Ireland free.‘Lord help you, Maria, full of grease, the load is with me.
From a form of words used in the book of the Roman Catholic Church – Hail Mary full of Grace!
Grace=quality of being good,
Grease= a fat substance.
Load= weight (used here in place of Lord).I sonht zo!
It seemed so.
Isonzo (I thought so)= Name of a river.Madammangut! Were you lifting your elbow…
Madam Angot
There is a French opera that goes by the name of ‘La Fille de Madame Angot’, who is a washing-woman. ‘Madam Mangut’ gives the idea of a woman with a man’s throat, that is, able to drink like a man.marthared mary allacook.
Martha Mary Alacoque.
A Very good Frenchwoman.
Martyred (Marthared) = having gone through much for one’s religion.Conway’s Carrigacurra canteen
Carrigacurra -Town on Liffey where Conway had a beer house.Corrigan’s pulse
Corrigan’s trouble.
The disease ‚Corrigan’s Pulse‘ was the discovery of a great medical man in Dublin of that name.varicoarse veins
My blood vessel’s thick.
Varicise veins is a diseased condition of the blood-vessels which makes them become thick.
Very coarse=very thick.Your rear gait’s creakorheuman…
Your tail walk’s Graeco-Roman.
Creak= Noise made by wood when weight is put on it.
Human= to do with man.
Rheumatic= Stiff in the bones.the laundryman with the lavandier flannels
‘The blue-grey trousers.
Lavender is used because lavender is the name of the sweet-smelling flower put into clean linen, and because it gives the suggestion of the French lavandiere (washing-woman)’when Collars and Cuffs was heir to the town
The Duke of Clarence.
Commonly talked of as ‘Collars and Cuffs’ because his linen was so beautiful (older brother of George V)Holy Scamander!
Am I seeing right?
This gives the same effect as a cry of surprise.
Scamander= name of a river.
Scamandering (a Dublin word) = moving slowly and quietly like a river.I sar it again!
I saw it again.
Iser= Name of a river.Icis on us!
My blood is ice.
The Isis= The ThamesZezere!
See there.
Zezere= name of a river. Has the sound of a person overcome with fear, making an attempt to say ‘there’the dwyergray ass
That grey long-ears.
Dwyergray was the owner of Freeman’s journal, and the Northcliffe of Dublin. He gave the town its water. The ass here is representative of the Apocrypha.them four old codgers
The old four.
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. In addition to this, they are the four school teachers from Ulster, Munster, Leinster and Connaught, who are looking into the brain of the sleeping Shaun.Are you meanam…
Meanam= Name of a River.
Are you meaning=Have you in mind.I meyne now
I am saying now.
Maine= Name of a river.that stray in the mist
That go-in-the-mist.
Another name for a ‚long ears‘ or ass.Is that the Poolbeg flasher beyant, pharphar.
Far far.
Pharos= Word used in verse for a lighthouse.Die eve, little eve, die!
She’s dead, little Eve, little Eve she’s dead.
The boys and girls at play send one another back and forward ain the air a hundred times, and then let them come slowly to rest, saying these words with the name of the person in question.We see that wonder in your eye.
The strange look in your eyes.
Strange things are seen in the eyes of persons on the point of death.We’ll meet again, we’ll part once more.
A meeting again and then a parting.
That is to say, with every new day the washing women will have their meeting by the side of the Liffey, and at every nightfall they will go their separate ways.The spot I’ll seek if the hour you’ll find.
I’ll give the place; let the hour be yours.
The stone is a sign of space, and the tree, which has growth, of time. The same idea is at the back of what comes after.My chart shines high where the blue milk’s upset.
Where the blue milk’s moving.
The ‚Milky Way‘. Stars in the sky give the idea of space.So save to jurna’s end!
To Journey’s end.
Jurna=name of riverI sow home slowly now by own way, moyvally way.
To Moyvally.
Place near Dublin.
My valley= My place between the mountains.Towy I too, rathmine.
And so will I to Rathmines.
Towy=Name of a river.
Rathmines=Place near Dublin.
Rath= A little slopeDear Dirty Dumpling, foostherfather of fingalls and dotthergills
Dear Dirty Dublin, etc.
Dublin here is pictured acting as a father to the sons and daughters of the great Northmen of the old stories.Hadn’t he seven dams to wive him?
Hadn’t he his seven women of pleasure? etc.
Taken from the old verse, ‘As I was going to St Ives.’And every dam had her seven crutches. And every crutch had its even hues.
And every woman her seven sticks.
Crutch=stick.
Crotch= Join between the branches of a tree.
All this is to give the idea of the growth of Dublin, branching out into one street after another.And each hue had a differing cry.
And every colour a different cry.
Hue=colour.
Hue and cry= Outcry.Sudds for me and supper for you and the doctor’s bill for Joe John.
Every part of the town is representative of a different order of society and way of living. So, for example, ‘washing for me, a good meal for you, and the chemist’s account for Joe John.’
Sudds for me= soap and water.
Sudds=floating islands in the Nile.’
Supper (the night meal) has in it the suggestion of the ‘supping’ noise made by the water.Befor! Bifur!
Before! Before!
‘Befor! Bifor!’ has a sound like that of the earlier ‘Viel Uhr? Filou’!
‘Bifur’ is a short form of bifurcation (=division), which again gives the idea of the branching of the streets.He married his markets, cheap by foul…
His markets were married, the cheap with the bad.
The development of Dublin by stretching out to new markets. ‘Cheap by foul’ is a copy of ‘Cheek by jowl’, which is a way of saying ‘side by side.‘…like any Etrurian Catholic Heathen…
Etrurian Catholics of hated religion.
The first letters of Haveth Childers Everywhere turned the other way round.…in their pinky limony creamy birnies and their turkiss indienne mauves
In their light reds, etc.
The colours of the colour-band seen by moonlight, so that all their dresses are in light shades.
Birnie= Ger. Birnen (the light green fruit).
Turkus = Turqouise (a light blue)
Indienne= Indigo (dark blue)But at milkidmass who was the spouse?
But in the animal’s time where was the woman?
Pointing back to the earliest stages of society.Tys Elvenland!
Tys, Elvenland = Names of rivers.
Elves= Little persons with strange powers.
Elve = Norwegian for ‘small river’Ordovico or viricordo.
Vico’s order but natural, free.
Vico’s view was that there were four stages in the development of every society, and that when these four stages have been covered, the circle of history was started again. Here the suggestion is put forward that Vico’s stages do not necessarily come round for ever in the same order.Northmen’s thing made southfolk’s place
Our Norwegian Thing-seat was where Suffolk Street is.
The high place on which the Norwegian Thing had its meeting has now become Suffolk Place.But howmulty plurators made eachone in person?
What number of places will make things into persons.
Play on the statement that a ‘substantive’ is the name of a person, a place, or a thing.Hircus Civis Eblanensis!
The first man of Dublin was a he-goat.
Again the letters of Haveth Childers Everywhere.What Tom Malone?
The distance between the two women is becoming greater, and the words are no longer clear, so that ‘gone, ho!’ has the sound of Tom Malone.
Finnegans Wake ist ein mäandernderBewußtseinsstrom, der unzählige Ideen hervorbringt und verquirlt, ein Nachtgedicht voller sprachlicher Akrobatik und umherpurzelnder Gedankenbruchstücke und Flausen. Joyce selbst hat betont, Finnegans Wake sei in einer Traumsprache verfasst, die unzählige Sprachen mische, laufend Neologismen produziere, sich in vielsprachigen Witzen austobe und menschliche Erfahrungen aller Art bündle und abbilde. Worte aus einer Sprache werden mit Worten aus einer anderen verschmolzen oder überlagert, die Syntax nimmt ungewöhnliche Wege und Wendungen, irische Mythen und Weltgeschichte werden gemixt mit dem Dubliner Alltag und der Dubliner Geographie, der westliche Bildungskanon fährt Schlitten, Banales wird erhöht, Kunst und Hochkultur erniedrigt, um durch den Dreck der Pubs und Bars gezogen zu werden.
Lesen oder nicht?
Finnegans Wake ist ein endloser, rekursiver Text, ein Zyklus der sich selbst verschlingt, während er sich entfaltet. Ein Kreislauf der Jahreszeiten und der Epochen. Selbst darüber, ob es eine Handlung gibt, ob Finnegans Wake überhaupt eine Geschichte erzählt oder nicht, streiten sich Literaturwissenschaftler und Leser bis heute. (Und wenn eine erzählt wird, welche?)
Alles schön und gut, aber kann man das wirklich lesen? Ja und Nein. Für Finnegans Wake bedarf es in erster Linie einer gehörigen Portion Spielfreude und Neugier. Außerdem sind viel Geduld und Ausdauer gefragt. Denn im Grunde bleibt dem Leser keine andere Wahl, als sich Zeile für Zeile durch das Wortdickicht zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig gibt es keine richtige Art, den Wake zu lesen. Seine berüchtigte und intendierte Vielseitigkeit und Komplexitität, läßt viele Lesemuster und Deutungen gelten. Jeder neue Anlauf bringt neue Erkenntnisse. Aber lesen im herkömmlichen Sinne ist die Lektüre von Finnegans Wake nicht.
Falls dieser Beitrag nicht abgeschreckt, sondern (erstmals oder zum wiederholten male) neugierig gemacht haben sollte, sei als Einstieg in die weitere »Erforschung« der Eintrag zu Finnegans Wake in der englischsprachige Wikipedia empfohlen. Er ist sehr solide (soweit ich das beurteilen kann) und bietet zahlrecihe weiterführende Links und Hinweise.
Ob und wie Finnegans Wake übersetzt werden kann? Das ist ein völlig neue Geschichte und soll vielleicht später einmal erzählt werden.
P.S.: Anregungen für diesen text verdanke ich Peter Chrisp und seinem Blog From Swerve of Shore to Bend of Bay
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